Beauty, Biology, and Society Essay - 1544 Words

Beauty, Biology, and Society What is beauty? How do human beings decide who is attractive and who is not? Society is full of messages telling us what is beautiful, but what are those definitions based on? Do we consciously decide whom we are attracted to, or is biology somehow involved? The issue of beauty and how we define it has been studied for centuries. Scholars from all fields of study have searched for the formula for beauty. Darwin in his book The Descent of Man wrote, It is certainly not true that there is in the mind of man any universal standard of beauty with respect to the human body. It is however, possible that certain tastes in the course of time become inherited, though I have no evidence in favor of this belief.†¦show more content†¦((1)Through an analysis of the human face they have determined that symmetry is involved. The human face is designed symmetrically. While there are variations, in general the human face is symmetric in design. (2) Because the tendency towards symmetry is a dominant trend in physical structure, humans tend to look for symmetry in each other. This desire is often times unconscious. The Golden Ratio, also known as the Phi Ratio, defines human facial structure as following a symmetrical ratio of 1:1.618. (1) Another factor involved in attractiveness is scent and more specifically pheromones. (4) While the intake of human scent may be unconscious is seems to have a positive impact on beauty as well. Pheromones are unconscious indicators that the human body releases. In a study conducted by Anja Rikowski and Karl Grammer the relationship between physical symmetry and scent was conducted. Through the experiment it was determined that individuals with a high level of facial symmetry, also give off high levels of pheromones. (2) Why are symmetry and scent so important? What does the Golden Ratio and pheromones tell us about the science of beauty? In a biological sense beauty and physical attractiveness, serve the purpose of reproduction. Humans have the innate desire to want to reproduce, and more specifically pass on their genes. (3) Attractiveness aids the reproduction process by helping humans find partners. The physical features of a person areShow MoreRelatedPsychology of Attraction1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe science of Psychology explains how people become attracted to one another. Certainly some aspects of beauty are cultural; fashion and trends change over time. Also, society and the media influence us into thinking what traits are attractive. Some reasons for attraction have to do with familiarity and proximity. Biology also plays a role in determining what traits we will possess. Biology and Psychology work hand and hand to help us pick our mates. The media plays a major role in determiningRead MoreA World Riddled By Social Expectations And Beauty Ideals1304 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: Biology and culture are intertwined forces that affect all populations from a global perspective. This fact brings up an interesting question regarding the origins of pathology. While there are a miscellany of somatic illnesses explained by biological means, mental illnesses seem to have more of an environmental aspect to their origins, but there is controversy surrounding this detail. Even when knowing the biological etiology of mental disorders, the culture and environment is stillRead MoreThe Egg And The Sperm1202 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Martin s article The Egg and the Sperm highlights androcentric biases hidden within biology texts. Martin acknowledges the language that is being used around the egg and the sperm cells, attributing the sperm with masculine characteristics while the egg is given more feminine characteristics. Th e language that Martin speaks about is not only found in texts, but also in educational films such as: Fertilization: a Love Story, and The Miracle of Human Creation parts one and two. The languageRead MoreEssay about Symmetry Defines Beauty1405 Words   |  6 Pagesanother? The question is crucial as we consider the values of our society, the emphasis we put on physical beauty and beauty products, the new resurgence of weight loss wonder drugs and popular fad diets, not to mention a new reality TV show devoted to placing a new person under the knife for plastic surgery every week. All of these carry the same message: beauty is nearly synonymous with happiness. So then is the nature of beauty a philosophical conundrum, a biological issue, a psychological mindRead MoreThe Little Mermaid : A Sociological Idea Essay947 Words   |  4 Pagesbased on biology. While there is some biological differences between the sexes, the â€Å"meaning† of being male or female is based on soc ial norms. Like race, these â€Å"biological† differences provided a system of enabling inequality between the sexes. History offers many examples of the gender norms over time. Women, for centuries, are few as the homemakers and often viewed as intelligent. Despite living in the twentieth century with greater equality, one does not need to go far to see how society and mediaRead MoreThe History of Human Beauty Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagescivilizations have admired the beauty that the world has presented, but isn’t beauty held in the eye of the beholder? The word can be used to describe a variety of things. It can describe places, animals, objects, people and even ideas. However, the one beauty our society embraces today is human beauty. Because the perception of beauty differs from person to person, different ideas of beauty developed throughout history, which in turn formed standards for human beauty, and these standards have hadRead MoreReligion s Influence On C ulture1459 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the two denominations. In his analysis, Adam Cohen subtly shows the effects religion has on culture and how it subdivides people into communities of beliefs and values. Because states like beliefs and values make up part of what culture is in society you can therefore safely assume that religion plays a role in the different perceptions that take place within cultures. Hence, then that culture does play a role in how individuals perceive parts of life, but to what degree this research does notRead MoreUnderstanding the Debate Over the Origins of Life Essay examples1104 Words   |  5 Pagesapproach to understanding made by religious doctrine with science and evolutionary precedent. The ongoing debate between evolutionary and abiogenesis biologists and religious leaders is the ultimate contest between science pseudoscience. Evolutionary biology bases its claims behind the idea that a gene is a hereditary unit that can be passed generation to generation. Through this change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations, natural selection acts upon the genetic variationRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Perception Of Beauty1389 Words   |  6 Pagesdefine beauty? The answer is seemingly yes, though agreement on said definition(s) is an entirely different matter. Some concepts have the luxury of general consensus. Of course, where there is consensus on definition, there will be debate on operationalization. Nothing remains unchallenged. Beauty, however, is in a class of the transient, the ineffable, and the ephemeral. The word is just a word, but the identity ascribed to it is of the mysterious. So how does one begin to define beauty if suchRead MoreSemiotics, The, And The Greatest Obsessions Of Beauty By Hayao Miyazaki1577 Words   |  7 Pagespacifism and the greatest obsessions of beauty by juxtaposing signs, symbols, denotation, connection and myth. My analysis is separated into 4 juxtapositions: war, pacifism, beauty, ugliness and consumerism; each iden tifying the signifies and signified, the model being exploited, what messages are being put across and the principle at work linking them all together. This is based on Robert M. Seiler’s â€Å"Guide To A Semiological Analysis†. The symbolisation of beauty and ugliness depends on where you

Why Karl Marx Thought Communism was the Ideal Political Party

Why Karl Marx Thought Communism was the Ideal Political Party Karl Marx was brought up in a Jewish community and society in his early years. His father was a lawyer, although he was descended from a long line of rabbis. As opportunities for Jews decreased Karl Marxs father, Herschel, decided to convert from Jewish to Lutheranism, which was the Prussian states religion. The Marx family was very liberal and often held intellectual conversations and was introduced to a lot of artists. Karl Marx was enrolled into the University in Bonn; this was a notorious school and was known for its bad reputation of the students that went there. His peers influenced Karl and his hobbies soon became singing†¦show more content†¦Merchants bought one thing from a market and sold off to another market for more money. Marx thought this was unfair and thought they were taking advantage of the difference between the markets. Marx believed that capitalism was prone for disaster. He suggested as capitalist countries invest more and more into new technologies; the higher the unemployment rate would increase, as the machines took place of the employees. Also with more machines available, things would be produced quicker and can be accessed easily; the prices for goods decrease and merchants would not work, as they would loose their profit. If there were no merchants around there would be no markets, and the public couldnt buy goods. So Marx believed if they didnt buy the goods the economic value of the government would decrease, businesses going bankrupt, public unemployed and citizens without essential goods. And with the economic value going down, the government couldnt invest in more technology and technology was stalled. Marx assumed that this was a cycle of growth and collapse, and this constant cycle would demolish governments. Marx believed in anti-Semitism, although he was brought up Jewish his hatred for Jews grew when he wrote an essay called The Jewish question. He promoted his views to the public and convinced them to hate Jews too, and to hate Jewish capitalists even more. But little did heShow MoreRelatedHobbes Vs. Marx On Government s First Duty1038 Words   |  5 Pagesvs. Marx â€Å"Government’s first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives,† said Ronald Reagan. Some political philosophies like John Locke would agree to this statement, while other, like Thomas Hobbes would not, and some will both agree and disagree, like Karl Marx. You will come to learn why the â€Å"social contract† of John Locke is the best through the review of all three philosophers main ideas on government, the comparison of all three philosophers, and finally the reasoning of why AdamRead More Modern Communism: Marx, Engles, Lenin, and Stalin Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pages Karl Marx never saw his ideals and beliefs, as the founding father of communist thought, implemented in the world and society because he died in 1883.1 The communist ideology did not rise to power until the beginning of the 20th century. Then it would be implemented and put into practice in the largest country in the world producing a concept that would control half of the world’s population in less than 50 years. The Manifesto of the Communist Party, written by Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels,Read MoreKarl Marx And Friedrich Engels1626 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the infamous villains of capitalism, were authors who wrote The Communist Manifesto. Their theory argues that class struggles or the exploitation of one class by another will give rise to a new world order in which society as a whole will take control of their own destines. This involves the battles between the proletarians and bourgeoisie, communism and democracy, and final capitalism and so cialism. However, since the times of Marx and Engel communism has been slowlyRead MoreKarl Marx and Marx Weber Essay1141 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and Marx Weber The latter part of the nineteenth century was teeming with evolved social and economical ideas. These views of the social structure of industrial society came about through the development of ideals taken from past revolutions such as the Industrial Revolution which steamed ahead paving the way for growing commerce, and widened the gap between the classes. The developmentRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Social Class2099 Words   |  9 Pagescentric study of social classes, Karl Marx has also contributed other works in his field of communism in which everything he focused on was all around and bridged to social classes. In Marx’s mind, standard of living, economy, exploitation, and alienation are all listed in the category of social class that â€Å"class differentiation becomes for Marx the decisive factor in the formation of the body politic† (Avineri, 1968, pg. 25). By referring to the liberal economy, Marx was neither the pioneer nor the facilitatorRead MoreMarx vs Smith2023 Words   |  9 Pagesefficient and beneficial economy. One school of thought titled, Classical Economics, is infamous has been called the â€Å"first modern school of economic thought.†[1] Two economist/philosophers who have been placed within this Classical category are Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Though these two men are p olar opposites in the political-economic spectrum they share some similarities; and although dated, there are points of value to both Adam Smith’s and Karl Marx’s theories. Adam Smith, the father of economicsRead More Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto1065 Words   |  5 PagesProletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels attempt to explain the reasons for why there is class struggle and suggest how to prevent class separation. According to Marx there are two different types of social classes: the bourgeoisies and the proletarians. The bourgeoisie are capitalists who own the means of production and the proletarians are the working classes who are employed by the bourgeoisiesRead MorePolitical Science And Political Philosophy Essay3559 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Political science is a an academic discipline. It is a part of social science which discuss about government and politics. It generally analyses the methods and policies of government. It is the systematic and analytical study of political and government institutions. The procedure and process of governmental policies is explained in political science. In order to define and analyze political science many political thinkers have given different theories. They practiced political scienceRead MoreCommunism As A Utopian Society1567 Words   |  7 Pagesnations fear what they thought to be communism, mainly the USA, but know little or anything about Marx/Marxism and his terms of a communist society. It is futile and ignorant to turn a blind eye and wish that communism will somehow fade away. Nor is it reasonable to equate communism to a very authoritarian, undemocratic, and inhumane, such as the one under Stalin’s rule.Rather we must understand its strength, its danger, and what Marx, who is considered the father of communism, considered a utopianRead MoreCommunist Challenge to Classical Liberalism and Laissez-faire1159 Words   |  5 PagesManifesto of the Communist Party, what communism is is discussed; this writing attempts to enlighten the world about what communism ideals are. The communist party is pro-proletariat and wants what is best, in their eyes, for the working class people. â€Å"The essential condition for the existence and rule of the bourgeois class is the accumulation of wealth in private hands, the formation of capital; the essential condition of capital is wage-labour† (Marx, p. 135). According to Marx and Engels, the reason

The Use of Unspecified Codes-Free-Samples-Myassignmentshelp.com

Questions: 1.The use of Unspecified codes by HIMs and CCs, when they are coding Injuries and Nosocomial Complications, is often a result of inadequate documentation by clinicians.Do you agree with this statement or not? 2.The quality of Coded Data is compromised by the HIMs / CCs inexperience in coding or lack of clinical knowledge.Do you agree with this statement, or not? 3.The classification used for assigning diagnosis and procedure codes for injuries and nosocomial Complications in Australia needs improvement.Do you agree with this statement, or not? Answers: 1.The use of unspecified codes by HIMs and CCs, when they are coding injuries and nosocomial complications, is often a result of inadequate documentation by clinicians. I agree with the statement that the use of unspecified codes by the HIMs is due to poor documentation by the clinicians. It is because most of the researchers that have been published do not show the reluctance of the patient in giving out information. As such, the lack of enough data is attributed to the clinicians who may insufficiently record the patient information or question him. The clinicians need to update the documentation of nosocomial complications for efficient coding frequently. Documentation plays a significant role in coding, as the periods are vital while coding. It also inhibits the wrong reflection of the illness. Sometimes the herbal medicines, which sometimes have severe effects on the patients, are not recorded. It leads to grave consequences to the patient as well as the HIMs since the patient may deteriorate in health when given the wrong medication. It also affects the HIMs diagnoses as they follow the misleading documentation making them follow the wrong pro cedures. The patient also does not get the health care resources needed for him because of poor coding emanating from false documentation 2.The quality of coded data is compromised by the HIMs / CCs inexperience in coding or lack of clinical knowledge. I highly rank this statement as the statistics that various researchers have made show that about 50%of cases in Australia have been correctly documented. (Cunningham, et al. 2013). However, though the cases are accurately recorded there is an inadequacy in coding which brings adverse effects. To rectify the situation one should carefully examine the information; it involves paying attention to the definitions, as each of them is crucial in identifying the complications such as allergies. The improvement in coding might be made by conducting training. Training should frequently be conducted about the complications to add to the expertise knowledge as well as the proper definition of the complications. 3.The classification used for assigning diagnosis and procedure codes for injuries and nosocomial complications in Australia needs improvement. I agree with the statement that the classification that is currently used in assigning the diagnosis, as well as procedure codes for injuries, needs to be improved.one of the aspects that need to be examined is the language that is used in coding. The language that is currently used is so complex hence; there is a need to improve on it. The classification is also so sophisticated hence; there is a need to make it bit simple. Improvement also needs to be done on the entry system since with the current regime at times some information misses out. However the current classification is better than the paper work that led to legibility problems, it just needs few improvement. (Paul Robinson, 2012 References Cunningham, J., Williamson, D., Robinson, K.M. and Paul, L. 2013. A comparison of state and national Australian data on external cause of injury due to falls. Health Information Management Journal 42(3): 4-11. Paul, L. and Robinson, K. 2012. Capture and documentation of coded data on Adverse Drug Reactions: an overview. Health Information Management Journal 41(3): 27-36.

Factors Influencing of ART in PMTCT

Question: Discuss about the Factors Influencing of ART in PMTCT. Answer: Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is associated with the progressive impairment of the immune system and leads to the serious and late stage complications in the human being. Over the last three decades prevalence of HIV is spread all over the world. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimate there are approximately 40 million people are living with HIV. In this women population is approximately 16 million and pregnant women population is approximately 1.4 million. These pregnant women have the risk of transmission of HIV to their children. This growing prevalence of HIV in women is due to physiological aspects of women responsible for the susceptibility to infection. Along with this social and psychological vulnerability generated by economic, socio-cultural and legal factors is responsible for prevalence of HIV. WHO also estimated that around 77 % women who were living with HIV received antiretroviral medicine to prevent transmission of HIV to their babies. More than half of the burden of HIV was estimated in the Southern African countries like Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and Namibia. Approximately 20 % of the expectant mothers are generally affected with HIV in these countries and 20 % deaths occurred due to the AIDS (Sharma Khadhiravan, 2008). In Botswana, approximately 40 % of antennal women were infected with HIV. Out of these, approximately 16 % of infants born with HIV infection. Even though prevalence of AIDS is more in these sub-Saharan African countries, utilization of antiretroviral drugs is not widespread. Different reasons were observed for this low utilization of antiretroviral drugs in these countries and these reasons include cost, logistic and social issues (Yazdanpanah, 2004). It has been observed that high cost of antiretroviral drugs and diagnostic are the main barriers for the prevention of transmission of HIV from mother to child. Other barriers responsible for the prevention of transmission of HIV from mother to child (PMTCT) are lack of national regulatory policy, tariffs and taxation on antiretroviral drugs and lack of international funding for the implementation of antiretroviral drug administration (Attaran Gillespie-White, 2001). Even tough, Botswana Government decided to initiate antiretroviral drug therapy for the people in 2000, prevention remains the cornerstone for the national AIDS strategy. In accordance with the 2010 recommendations of the WHO, the Ministry of Health has improved access to ART by expanding eligibility criteria to all adults with CD4 counts 350 cells/L. This change is also reflected in pediatric populations; all children 24 months of age as well as children from 2 5 years with CD4 counts 750 cells/L or CD4 25% will be eligible to begin ART.) . In African countries, Botswana is the first country to initiate programme for the prevention of mother to child transmission in 2001 (Creek et al., 2006). International recommendations for the antiretroviral therapy were not considered for the implementation of antiretroviral therapy in Botswana. These recommendations were non-consideration of the climate, complexity of social and health infrastructure and lifestyle of the people of the Bots wana. Along with these government initiatives other stakeholders also participated in the implementation of prevention of mother to child transmission. Bill Gates foundation and major pharmaceutical firm like Merck contributed to the implementation of prevention of transmission from mother to child. Ministry of Education with the collaboration of Stanford University in 2011 launched Teach AIDS software which helps in education of the people to fight against HIV infection. Implementation of Option B+ and prevention of mother to child transmission in Botswana collectedly resulted in the improvement in the reduction of HIV cases (Coutsoudis et al., 2013). Literature review: It has been well established in the literature that implementation of ART programme successfully resulted in the reduction in the transmission of HIV from mother to child. Health of child is completely dependent on the health of the mother. Survival of the virus responsible for AIDS depends of the health of the mother. If mother health is not good there are more chances of long duration survival of viruses and transmission to the children. Due to ill health of mother, there is the possibility of the reduced transfer of positive immunity in the children and it results in the increased burden of the mother to children transmission. In Tanzania implementation of prevention of mother to child transmission in collaboration with Option B+ resulted in lessening the transmission of HIV infection from mother to child (Gourlay, et al., 2016). In Nigeria also prevention of mother to child prevention programme of HIV infection was implemented, however this programme faced problems like influence of less education among the population, low employment and the low socioeconomic status of the people. In a study conducted in Ghana, it has been established that lack of knowledge of antiretroviral therapy among women resulted in the inefficient implementation of the PMTCT. Option B+ has been successfully implemented in Malvi for reduction in the HIV transmission (Kim, et al., 2015). However, Option B+ has not been successfully implemented in Botswana because of lack of support for community based therapy for ART, unwillingness of the women to use ART, problems associated with the breastfeeding and lack of qualified human resource for the implementation of the programme. In some of the sub-Saharan countries use of ART for PMTCT increased from 15 % in 2005 to 55 % in 2009. However, this rate of increment in the use of ART for PMTCT is not enough in the country like Botswana where prevalence of AIDS is very high (WHO, 2010). From the literature, it is evident that there is the good understanding for the knowledge of barriers for the uptake of ART in PMTCT in general population and however, there is less knowledge about the barriers for uptake of ART in PMTCT in pregnant women (Mills et al., 2006; Posse et al., 2008). In a study conducted in Zimbabwe, it has been established that, replacement of single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) with modified ART resulted in the reduction of transmission of HIV infection to child in PMTCT (Ciaranello et al., 2013). In studies like Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of Infants (PEPI-Malawi), Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition (BAN) study and the 3 parallel randomized trials of Six Weeks Extended Nevirapine (SWEN) exhibite d success of ART in PMTCT. In longer duration studies like HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN), it has been established that there is no transmission of HIV infection from using ART in PMTCT (Shetty Maldonado, 2013). Drug Resource Enhancement Against AIDS and Malnutrition (DREAM) study established that there is reduced maternal mortality, premature birth and PMTCT due to the use of ART. Hence, ART should be initiated in the pregnant women at the optimum time to avoid further complications. There is evidence available for the safety of ART in infants, hence pregnant women should not worry about the risk of ART to infants. ART in PMTCT has been successfully implemented in North America and Europe. As a result, there is the eradication of the HIV in the new born. Women with the positive HIV infection and who met the criteria of number of CD4 cell should start the ART immediately after the positive test. WHO recommended two options for the ART. In Option A, women with HIV infection sh ould start zidovudine during antenatal period and at the time of delivery. Also, these women should take nevirapine every week. In case of infants, nevirapine treatment should start daily from the birth until cessation of breastfeeding. In Option B, women should take three combinations of ART during antenatal period and continue until the cessation if breastfeeding (Shetty Maldonado, 2013). Rationale for study design: There were the studies and reviews available for the information related to the community based involvement for PMTCT, success and failures of PMTCT and retention of ART therapy in pregnant women (Ferguson et al., 2015; Busza et al., 2012). However, less studies were available for the evaluation of factors influencing uptake of ART in PMTCT. There is urgent requirement to understand the factors responsible for the uptake of ART in PMTCT. Hence, this study is planned to understand the factors responsible for uptake of ART in PMTCT. In this study factors responsible for the uptake of the ART in PMTCT were selected based on the evidence and literature. It is evident from the literature that poor knowledge about the transmission of HIV and role of ART in the PMTCT are responsible for the inefficient implementation of the PMTCT programme. There were also doubt about the effectiveness of ART in the management of AIDS and few women had belief that ART would cause HIV (Watson-Jones et al., 2 012; Duff et al., 2010). Psychological factors like shock and depression due to the diseased condition are responsible for the inability to uptake ART in PMTCT (Stinson Myer, 2012). Stigma related to the disclosure of HIV to the family members and to the community leads to not attending the clinics for ART. As a result, there is the barrier to the implementation of ART in the PMTCT (Laher et al., 2012). It is also evident from the literature that insufficiency of trained clinical staff for the implementation of ART in PMTCT resulted in the ineffective implementation of the policy. This resulted in the increased number of patients and consequently increased waiting list for the patients, stress on the staff members and failure of the staff members for the implementation of the ART in PMTCT (Sprague et al., 2011; Laher et al., 2012). It has been well established in the literature that knowledge about the HIV, ART and PTMCT could has positive impact on the socioeconomic status of the people and educational level. Women with higher education were positively responded to the implementation of the ART in PMTCT. Material and methods: In this project non-experimental and quantitative method will be implemented to collect the information regarding factors influencing uptake of ART on PMTCT. Study design will be descriptive in nature and study duration will be 6 months. This study will be conducted in the Boteti health district in Botswana. This study will be incorporating 500 pregnant women. 500 women will be enough to get the required data. Method of sampling used in this study will be random sampling. Sample size will be determined based on the feasibility of the resources. This sample size will be optimum for the statistical analysis. These women will be from low, middle and high socioeconomic class. Both the types like educated and uneducated women will be incorporated in this study. For this study 10 facilities will be selected comprising of 6 maternity facilities and 4 clinics in the Boteti health district in Botswana will be selected. These maternity homes and clinics will comprise of both Government and non -Government organizations. This a analytical cross-sectional investigation will be performed using interviews in different maternity facilities and clinic. Theses 500 women will be allocated to different maternity homes and clinics based on the geographical areas. Allocation of the women to the respective maternity home and clinic will be based on the financial constraints, services available and social support. Inclusion criteria for the selection of pregnant women will be at least one visit to the maternity home or clinic during current pregnancy and these women will be confirmed HIV positive. Exclusion criteria will be women with negative HIV test. Data regarding CD4 cells will be collected from the respective maternity home and clinic. Women with CD4 cell count below 350 cells per microlitre will be considered in the study. Age of women incorporated in the study will be between 18 45 years. These women will be approximately distributed equally among first, second and third trim ester of the pregnancy. Approximately 33 % women will be there in each population of trimester women. Interviews of these women will be conducted by the trained and experts in the field. For conducting these interviews structured questionnaire will be prepared. This questionnaire will be specifically in the local language so that all the class of women will be comfortable in attending the interview session. Location of the interview will be respective maternity home or clinic. Information about the identity of the participant women will be kept confidential to maintain dignity of the patient. Informed consent will be taken from each women and one of the family members before conducting interview. Approval will be taken from the human sciences research council (HSRC) ethics committee of and Ministry Of Health Botswana Government other health authorities at the district level before conducting the study. These questionnaires will be incorporating questions related to the knowledge rel ated to the HIV and ART, maternal education, psychological issues of women related to the AIDS, social issues of women related to the AIDS, whether women are attending traditional healers and birth attendees and support from the staff in the prevention of PTMCT. Following will be the representative questions in the questionnaire : Has you know about HIV/AIDS ? Has you know about ART ? Has you used ART ? Has you know about transmission of HIV to child ? Are you depressed due to your HIV infection ? Are you getting support from your family members from your family and community members in treating HIV infection ? Are you attending traditional healers during your pregnancy ? Are you getting enough support and help from health care providers during your treatment for HIV infection ? Data will be collected twice from a single participant. Initially data will be collected based on the interview without any counseling and second time data will be collected after the completion of counseling about importance of ART and its role in the PMTCT. All the data will be stored as electronic database. Collected data will be presented in the form of arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median and percentage. Collected data will be analyzed using Statistical Analysis System, SAS 9.1 (Peltzer et al., 2011; Stinson et al., 2010; Stringer et al., 2010). Evaluation and applicability of finding: Evaluation of the outcome of the study will be performed based on the collected data. Evaluation will be performed to determine whether collected data will be useful for answering all the questions created at the time of deciding objectives of the study. Collected data will be evaluated to get insight into the validity of assumptions made. Outcome of this study will be useful in implementing the same criteria in the large population of women. Factors which will be responsible as barriers for ART in PTMCT will be managed more effectively so that these factors will not interfere in the implementation of ART in PTMCT. Factors which will be promoting ART in PTMCT will be encouraged to implement in the actual practice. Outcome of this study will also be useful in designing educational programme for pregnant women with HIV infection. Solution or alternatives will be found for factors which will be hindering the implementation of ART in PTMCT. Health care professionals in the nursing home a nd clinical will be using these findings as evidence and will implement same findings in their maternity homes and clinics. Findings of this study will be definitely useful in controlling progression of HIV through PTMCT. Findings of this study will also useful for Government and regulatory agencies for implementing the uniform cost of ART, so that all the class of women will consume ART without barrier of high cost. Outcome of this study will be useful in initiating counseling programme in the respective society or community. This will be definitely useful in the controlling the social issues in implementing the ART in PTMCT. Due to this study, women with HIV will feel relieved because their identity will be secured and also these women will be getting proper treatment for HIV. This study will be useful in the generation of well qualified human resource for the implementation of the ART in PTMCT. This study will be useful in understanding view of the women with socioeconomic backgr ound and different educational level about ART in PTMCT. This understanding will be helpful in taking care of factors as barriers for ART in PTMCT and as a result reduction the prevalence of AIDS. Outcome of this study will also be useful in understanding the family related issues and will be useful in implementing the family centered approach for ART in PTMCT. This will definitely be useful in getting family support for the prevention HIV. Most important outcome of this will be production of infant without HIV infection and consequently prevalence of HIV infection will be controlled. This will be definitely useful in the overall improvement in the health of the society and wellbeing of the society (Peltzer et al., 2011; Stinson et al., 2010; Stringer et al., 2010). Limitations of this include number of participants are less. Study with more number of participants would give more power of analysis. Data obtained in this study will be obtained from the participant women only and there is the possibility of recall bias. There should be other source of data also to get more robust results. References: Attaran, A., Gillespie-White, L. (2001). Do patents for antiretroviral drugs constrain access to AIDS treatment in Africa? Journal Of American Medical Association, 286(15), 1886-92. Busza, J., Walker, D., Hairston, A., Gable, A., Pitter, C., Lee, S., et al. (2012). Community based approaches for prevention of mother to child transmission in resource poor settings: a social ecological review. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 15(2), 17373, doi: 10.7448/IAS.15.4.17373. Ciaranello, A.L., Perez, F., Maruva, M., Chu, J., Engelsmann, B., et al., (2011). WHO 2010 guidelines for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Zimbabwe: modeling clinical outcomes in infants and mothers. PLoS One, 6(6), e20224. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020224. Coutsoudis, A., Goga, A., Desmond, C., Barron, P., Black, V., Coovadia, H. (2013). Is Option B+ the best choice. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine , 14 (1), 1-52. Creek, L.T., alwano, G. M., molosiwa, R.R., Roels, H.T., kenyon, A.T., et al., (2006). Botswanas Tebelopele Voluntary counselling and testing network. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 43, 210- 218. Duff, P., Kipp, W., Wild, T.C., Rubaale, T., Okech-Ojony, J. (2010). Barriers to accessing highly active antiretroviral therapy by HIV-positive women attending an antenatal clinic in a regional hospital in western Uganda. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 13, 37, doi: 10.1186/1758-2652-13-37. Ferguson, L., Grant, A.D., Watson-Jones, D., Kahawita, T., Ongech, J.O., Ross, D.A. (2012). Linking women who test HIV-positive in pregnancy-related services to longterm HIV care and treatment services: a systematic review. Tropical Medicine International Health, 17(5), 564-80. 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